Judges on Colombia's constitutional court voted on Monday to decriminalise abortion until 24 weeks of gestation, the court said in a statement, in a victory for abortion rights groups which sued to have the procedure removed from the penal code.
The decision adds Colombia to a list of Latin American countries that have recently liberalised abortion access, including Mexico and Ecuador.
Abortion was partially legalised in Colombia under a 2006 court decision which allowed it only in cases of rape, fatal deformity and health of the woman, without any time limits.
Under Monday's ruling, backed by five of nine judges, women will not be prosecuted for seeking abortions up to 24 weeks of gestation, after which the procedure will only be allowed under the original three conditions.
"The practice of abortion will only be punishable when it is conducted after the 24th week of gestation and, in all cases, this time limit will not apply to the three conditions laid out in Ruling C-355 of 2006," the court said in a statement.
Congress and the national government must urgently implement policies to protect the rights of pregnant women, the court's statement added, including family planning services, eliminating obstacles to abortion care and help with adoptions.
The Causa Justa coalition, which sued for decriminalisation in September 2020, estimates about 90 per cent of abortions in the country take place clandestinely, putting women's lives at risk as they seek dangerous alternatives to seeing a doctor.
"We did it!" the coalition, which is made up of more than 90 feminist organisations, said on its Twitter account.
Its supporters, many sporting green to represent the abortion rights movement and some crying, celebrated outside the court.
"After the right to suffrage, this is the most important historic achievement, for the life, autonomy and full and equal realisation of women," Bogota mayor Claudia Lopez tweeted.
Change across the region
Mexico's Supreme Court decriminalised abortion last year, while Ecuador's National Assembly last week approved regulations to allow access to abortion in cases of rape.
Incoming Chilean President Gabriel Boric has vowed to make the procedure freely available, as it is in Argentina and Uruguay under certain time limits.
Abortion rights advocates said the decision was not the end of their fight for full legalisation.
"We hope that the next step for Colombia will be the total decriminalisation of abortion, in order to protect women's reproductive autonomy at all times," Nancy Northup, president of the New York City-based Center for Reproductive Rights, said in a statement.
The coalition argued in its suit that prosecutions of women and girls who sought or obtained abortions have worsened stigma and scared doctors and patients, even in cases when one of the three legal conditions has applied.
Abortion rights activists in Bogota. Source: AFP
Some 350 women were convicted or sanctioned for abortions between the original 2006 ruling and mid-2019, including at least 80 girls under the age of 18, according to Causa Justa.
Decriminalisation will reduce deaths from clandestine procedures, save the under-funded health system money, end expensive prosecutions and guarantee women's bodily autonomy, the group said.
A ruling had originally been expected late last year, but the decision has been repeatedly delayed amid a recusal request from a judge and other procedural debates.
Dozens of protesters opposed to abortion were also outside the court on Monday.
"We don't want either legal or clandestine abortion," said Daniela Clavijo, who was protesting before the ruling. "We are asking the court to totally penalise abortion, so there's never any condition for abortion."
