The findings of the federally mandated report were approved by the White House, even though they are starkly at odds with the position of President Donald Trump, who has called global warming a Chinese hoax and named fossil fuel ally Scott Pruitt to head the Environmental Protection Agency.
The Climate Science Special Report spans more than 600 pages and is part of a larger report known as the Fourth National Climate Assessment, which is being issued in draft form for public comment.
Based on "a large body of scientific, peer-reviewed research," global annually averaged surface air temperature has increased by about 1.8 Fahrenheit (1.0 Celsius) over the last 115 years (1901–2016), it says.
"This period is now the warmest in the history of modern civilization," said the report, available at science2017.globalchange.gov.
Since the last report of its kind was issued in 2014, "stronger evidence has emerged for continuing, rapid, human-caused warming of the global atmosphere and ocean," the text said.
"It is extremely likely that human activities, especially emissions of greenhouse gases, are the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century," the report added, noting there "is no convincing alternative explanation."
It was compiled by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, with contributions from NASA, the Department of Energy and other federal agencies. Co-authors included more than 50 scientists from government agencies, universities, and the private sector.
"I am quite confident to say that there has been no political interference in the scientific messages from this report," co-lead author David Fahey, director of the chemical sciences division at NOAA, told reporters on a conference call.
"I think whatever fears we had were not realized," he added.
"The word interference might have been a threat, but it never materialized. This report says what the scientists wanted to say."
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Worse effects ahead
After examining long-term climate records and data going back thousands of years, the report said that in the modern era, "average temperatures in recent decades over much of the world have been much higher, and have risen faster during this time period than at any time in the past 1,700 years or more."
By the end of the century, "without major reductions in emissions, the increase in annual average global temperature relative to pre-industrial times could reach 9 Fahrenheit (5 Celsius) or more," it said.
Sea level can be expected to rise "several inches in the next 15 years," and one to four feet (30 to 120 centimeters) by century's end, it said.
A global "rise of as much as eight feet by 2100 cannot be ruled out."
And Americans are already experiencing the effects of climate change through heavier rainfall, coastal flooding, drought, more frequent heatwaves and wildfires, and earlier snow melt.
'Not new'
The findings came as no surprise to climate scientists.
"This isn't new," said Peter Gleick, president-emeritus of the Pacific Institute and a member of the US National Academies of Science.
"This is news only because Trump couldn't censor it," he said on Twitter.
The Trump administration has repeatedly denied or downplayed the role of fossil fuels in global warming.
EPA chief Pruitt shocked scientists earlier this year when he argued in a media interview that carbon dioxide was not a primary contributor to global warming.
However, the White House cleared the report for release, NOAA said.
NOAA said the report "serves as the foundation for efforts to assess climate-related risks and inform decision-making about responses."
The findings do not contain policy recommendations but serve to inform future strategies.
The Union of Concerned Scientists senior climate scientist, Rachel Licker, said: "the American public must hold legislators and policy-makers accountable for taking action commensurate with the problem."
Democratic Senator Al Franken of Minnesota and eight of his colleagues this week sent a letter to Trump asking "what safeguards are in place to ensure that the National Climate Assessment and the Climate Science Special Report give fair and accurate summations of the latest climate science without political interference."
The senators also asked how the Trump Administration plans to address the report's findings.
